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ADDRESSES 

DELIVERED AT THE FUNERAL 

OF 

LYMAN IIOTCIIKISS ATWATER, D.D., LL.D., 

PROFESSOR OF LOGIC AND MORAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN THE 
COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, 

IN 

THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, 

PRINCETON, N. J., 

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1883 



A MEMORIAL DISCOURSE, 

DELIVERED IN THE COLLEGE CHAPEL 

ON 

THE EVENING OF BACCALAUREATE SUNDAY, 

JUNE 17, 1S83. 
PUBLISHED BY REQUEST OF THE TRUSTEES. 



NEW YORK : 
ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH & CO, 

900 BROADWAY, COR. 20TH ST 



m EXCK 



JAN 21 1921 



^r^ 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 



This Memorial of Dr. Lyman H. Atwater has been 
published in accordance with the wishes of his family 
and friends, and by request of the Trustees of Princeton 
College. Only a few prefatory words are needed. 

After an active service to the College of more than 
twenty-eight years, Dr. Atwater was laid aside by sick- 
ness in October last. A few months of struggle with 
mortal disease, in which hopes and fears fluctuated, 
followed. He died on Saturday morning, February 17, 
1883. On Tuesday afternoon, February 20th, he was 
buried with impressive services. Prayer was offered at his 
late residence by the venerable Ex-President of the College, 
John Maclean, D.D., LL.D. The remains were then 
borne to the First Presbyterian Church, accompanied by 
the students of the College and the Theological Seminary. 
There a very large congregation assembled, filling the 
church to its utmost capacity, in which the Trustees of 
the College, the Trustees and Directors of the Theologi- 
cal Seminary, and the Presbytery of New Brunswtck were 
largely represented. Hundreds of Dr. Atwater's old 
pupils and friends were also there to join in the last trib- 
utes of respect and affection. It was significant of the 
esteem in which Dr. Atwater was held by his townsmen, 
that many of the places of business were closed during 
the funeral services. 

The devotional services at the church were conducted 



by the Pastor, Rev. Horace G. Hinsdale, and by the Rev. 
Dr. John T. Duffield, of the College Faculty. 

The Addresses of Dr. Noah Porter, President of Yale 
College, the classmate and life-long friend of Dr. Atwater; 
of Dr. McCosh, President of Princeton College ; and of 
Dr. A. A. Hodge, of Princeton Theological Seminary, 
are printed in this Memorial in the order of their delivery. 
Subsequently the Rev. Dr. Wm. M. Taylor, of New York, 
v/as requested by the Faculty to prepare a Discourse, 
commemorating the life and services of Dr. Atwater, to be 
given at the ensuing Commencement, on the evening 
of Baccalaureate Sunday — a request with which he kindly 
complied. It is believed by the committee of the Faculty 
to whom the publication of this Memorial was entrusted, 
that in these varied and excellent delineations of Dr. 
Atwater's life and character, a permanent and valuable 
record has been secured of one, whose loss will be long 
and deeply felt. 



ADDRESS 

OF 

THE REV. NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., 

President of Yale College. 



ADDRESS. 



A Sketch of the Life and Character of the Rev. Lyman 
H. Atwater, D.D., LL.D., by his Friend and Classmate, 
the Rev. Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale 
College. 

Fifty- FIVE years ago last September I met our 
deceased friend for the first time in front of the old 
South College at Yale. We had just been admit- 
ted to the College as members of the same class. He 
was then an overgrown boy, and I was scarcely half- 
grown. New Haven had been his home from in- 
fancy, and I was a timid stranger. Though he was 
somewhat younger than myself, his sturdy look, his 
assured air, and his generous bearing at once attract- 
ed my attention, and won my confidence at first sight. 
Circumstances soon brought us closely together and 
we became more and more intimate till the end of 
our college life. Subsequently we were united more 
closely and have adhered the more tenaciously, per- 
haps, because circumstances now and then threaten- 
ed to sunder us. We have been loyal to one another 
when theological differences and personal associa- 
tions might easily have caused us to drift farther and J 



8 

farther apart. Perhaps we have valued our friend- 
ship the more because it has cost us an occasional 
struggle to retain it. And now I am here to say a 
few words concerning this beloved and honored 
friend of more than half a century. 

But I forget myself : I ought perhaps not to have 
said so much about Dr. Atwater's relations to myself, 
and yet perhaps it was appropriate that I should ex- 
plain the confidence and freedom with which I 
propose to speak. Moreover, it may not have been 
amiss — certainly it is not unnatural in the presence 
of a college audience — to recognize the strength and 
importance of college friendship, as one of the most 
valuable incidents of college life. 

Dr. Atwater was born at Cedar Hill, then on the 
border of New Haven, about two miles from the centre 
of the city, — a place once unique for its picturesque 
surroundings, and still attractive amid the miscellane- 
ous buildings which have gathered about it on the out- 
skirts of a rapidly growing town, — as a drop of gold 
shines in the soiled and tangled fringe of a rich gar- 
ment. His home lies under the shadow of East Rock, 
which it boldly confronts, and which during his infancy 
and youth invited him to constant adventure and ac- 
tivity. His father was a man of restless enterprise and 
of great endurance, who added to the management of 
a large farm, the conduct of a great variety of under- 
takings, both at home and in distant places. He 



was descended from one of the first planters of New 
Haven, whose ancestral home still stands in the south 
of England, and near which, though he was the strictest 
of Puritans, the tomb of one of his forefathers in the 
church at Lenham, Kent, continues to bespeak the 
prayers of the visitor for the repose of his soul. Dr. 
Atvvater had a right to the conservative feelings 
which might befit the descendant ofa sturdy and hon- 
ored line of ancestors traceable beyond the English 
Reformation. Dr. Atwater's mother was a woman 
who combined energy with sweetness, and controlled 
a large household with eminent success. It was the 
delight of our friend during his college life to invite 
a select company of his classmates every summer to 
visit this hospitable home to feast upon the fruits 
with which it abounded, and to show them the house 
and grounds of which he was reasonably proud. 
From his youth he gave signs of the energetic, warm- 
hearted, outspoken, and loyal nature which he inher- 
ited and which ripened into a strongly- marked and 
demonstrative character. From his boyhood he was 
interested in public affairs of every sort, beginning 
with the church which was the terminus of his week- 
ly drive on Sunday, and to the associations with 
which he was loyal till his death ; and embracing that 
political party in the State which in the early time 
had ruled in the Land of Steady j Habits. To all the 
memories of his childhood he was passionately de- 



10 



voted. At the funeral of Dr. Bacon he remarked 
that at the age of twelve years he was present at his 
ordination : and- it was always noticeable how distinct- 
ly and sacredly were depicted in his memory all the 
scenes of his earlier and later life. Within two or three 
years before his death, he deliberately made several 
tours through several of the country towns of Connec- 
ticut and called at the hospitable homes with which he 
had been familiar in his college and later life, that he 
might revive the faded pictures which were still 
lovingly cherished in his memory. 

As a student he was diligent and successful, not 
painfully laborious, but always working easily ; with 
few of the habits of the exact philologist or mathe- 
matician, but still shrinking from no tough sentence 
or hard problem, and always bringing to his work a 
cheerful temper and a brave and self-relying under- 
standing which disdained defeat. He was intensely 
interested in all the activities and enjoyments of 
college life. At his graduation he took the second 
honor of the class, by an accident which threw out 
of the contest his nearest rival. This rival was 
a South Carolinian of intense ambition, who would 
conquer at any cost, and had not a few other ad- 
vantages. Dr. Atwater was brave and zealous, but 
he was never consumed, least of all was never debased, 
by ambition. He was energetic and self-relying, 
but he was too reasonable to sell the freedom and 



II 



the joys of intellectual sympathy and generous com'- 
panionship for any sordid ends. He was always 
sunny, hopeful, ready for a problem or a discussion, 
and never so exhilarated as when there was a chance 
for a debate, a description, or a harangue. He was 
eminently practical and pre-eminently fond of public 
discussion. In the Literary Society to which he 
and his special friends were attached, he found his chief 
delight and the chosen field for his activity. His 
ideal of intellectual achievement was an elaborate 
argument or an eloquent appeal, and in these activities 
he aspired after eminence with a generous and con- 
fident ambition. 

From his earliest years he had been trained in re- 
ligious ways. All his associations had been reverent 
and devout. The searching appeals of his first pas- 
tor and the practical reasonings of the second, fol- 
lowed as they were by the logical discourses of Dr. 
Fitch in the college chapel, had kept alive serious con- 
victions in respect to truth and duty. All at once 
these smouldering embers were kindled into a glow- 
ing flame. In the winter and spring of 1831, New 
Haven, as also Yale College, was the scene of a re- 
markable religious awakening. It was in the season 
of meetings of four days of continued services, and 
other novel devices. The churches of New England 
were moved by a religious excitement, which was 
more general and earnest than any other religious 



12 



movement in its history since the great awakening 
of 1740. It was even believed by not a few sober- 
minded thinkers, that possibly the days of the mil- 
lennial triumphs were at hand, and the Kingdom 
of God might speedily come with sudden glory. 
Whatever these days might have been to others, to 
the class of 1831 they were remarkable indeed. In 
January of that year, perhaps eleven of the eighty-one 
who composed the class might have avowed them- 
selves as in some sense the disciples of Christ. In 
May of that year there were scarcely eleven of the 
eighty-one who did not claim the Christian's faith 
and hope. Among the sixty or more to whom this 
sudden and conscious transformation came, was our 
deceased friend. To him, as to all manly souls, the 
experience involved earnest convictions and the de- 
liberate surrendering of the heart and the life. I 
occupied the room opposite, and knew that for many 
days with him this struggle was severe, but it was 
thorough and complete. 

When it was over he was as hearty in his new life 
as he had been in the old, and brought to its duties 
and its sacrifices the whole-souled ardor and the 
practical good sense which were ingrained in his 
character. To decide that the ministry was to be 
his profession was in those days almost an inevitable 
consequence of assuming Christian vows, unless the 
reasons for exemption were decisive. Of his class- 



13 

mates some thirty- four were ordained to the Chris- 
tian ministry. The first year after graduating Dr. 
Atwater spent as chief assistant in a boarding-school 
in Baltimore, in which he gained some hard experi- 
ences and added to his sturdy strength. The second 
year he began his theological studies in the Semi- 
nary at Yale and occupied the same room with the 
speaker, who was then teaching in New Haven. Not 
long before all the churches of New England and 
largely those of the Presbyterian Church were begin- 
ning to be agitated by an active theological contro- 
versy, which was more or less definitely concerned 
with the theology which was taught or supposed to 
be taught at New Haven. Two or three years pre- 
vious, Coleridge's " Aids to Reflection," then recently 
published, had also attracted the attention of a few 
thoughtful men at New Haven, conspicuously of 
Dr. Atwater and his friends. The philosophy of 
Coleridge, so far as it was a philosophy with its sug- 
gestive distinction between the Reason and the Un- 
derstanding in Kantian phrase, was not acceptable 
to Dr. Taylor, who adhered tenaciously to the state- 
ments of Locke and Reid, with his own modifica- 
tions. Coleridge's doctrine of a " Nature in the 
Will " as the philosophical explanation of what was 
then called native depravity^ was still more offensive 
to him. Dr. Atwater was for a while an avowed ad- 
herent of Coleridge's theology, at least so far as it 



14 

diverged from that of the New Haven school. He 
could do nothing by halves, and he was as earnest, out- 
spoken, and tenacious in his new opinions, as strong 
convictions and warm feelings could make him. 
The reading and speaking and thinking and writing 
to which this new inspiration compelled him, quick- 
ened him to new intellectual life. This devotion to 
Coleridge was, however, but temporary. In the sub- 
sequent occupations of his parish work and the further 
development of his theological views he left Coleridge 
behind, although he never ceased to acknowledge his 
immense indebtedness to him in widening and stim- 
ulating his mind at a critical period of his opening 
life. At the close of the first year of his theological 
studies, in the autumn of 1833, at the age of a little 
more. than twenty, he was elected tutor in Yale Col- 
lege and entered immediately upon the duties of his 
office, prosecuting his theological course at the same 
time. I speak with confidence in respect to his career, 
for we were associates in both occupations. He en- 
tered upon his duties as tutor with characteristic en- 
ergy and zeal. The college from his childhood had 
been the object of his love and honor. The tradi- 
tions of its leading men were living powers to his 
ardent and reverent affection. It was his fervent 
and hearty faith that its order and efficiency depend- 
ed upon the zeal and fidelity of its officers. This 
faith inspired his actions. It was also at a time when 



15 

faithful oversight and administration involved cour- 
age and sometimes personal exposure, especially on 
the part of the tutors, and when more or less of severe 
police duty was required. Dr. Atwater entered into 
all these duties with his whole heart and with an 
energy and spirit which have been rarely surpassed. 
He showed himself at once to be a born administra- 
tor ; fearless, inventive, and generous — an ardent 
lover of young men and yet not ignorant of their 
devices. The lessons which he gained from this 
early experience subsequently proved of immense ser- 
vice to him in the long course of useful service which 
he has rendered to this honored college. Indeed in all 
his habits he was eminently fitted to learn from experi- 
ence, rarely forgetting a significant event or incident 
and always seeing the principle or analogy which it 
illustrated. To the end of his life the memorable 
events of his own tutorship were distinct and vivid 
in his memory, and could be distinctly cited as ex- 
amples of some important truth in respect to student 
life and college administration. 

After serving as tutor nearly two years he was in- 
stalled as pastor of the Congregational church in 
Fairfield, Connecticut. The parish was an ideal 
country parish, especially for a hearty, reverent, and 
conservative spirit like his, which cherished every New 
England tradition in Church and State. It was 
twenty-two miles from New Haven, where his own 



y 



i6 

numerous kindred and those of his newly-married 
wife resided. It was on the high-road to New York, 
along which several lines of stages carried their nu- 
merous freight of distinguished personages, who might 
every day be heard of at the village hotel. It was 
within sound of the sea, whose gentle murmur or 
resounding strokes could always be heard along the 
beautiful beach, which was just at hand, though out 
of sight. Its local traditions were manifold and dis- 
tinguished. At three and one-half miles distance the 
spire of Greenfield Hill indicated the place where 
Dr. Dvvight had lived and made the place famous by 
his person and his instructions. The town was one 
of the oldest in Connecticut, and in the war of Inde- 
pendence was wealthy and aristocratic enough to be 
singled out for a memorable conflagration, which 
left only a few houses standing. It had slowly re- 
covered from this disaster and was the residence of 
many families of culture and wealth, and of many 
more who v^^ere intelligent and self-respecting house- 
holders. It was a half-shire town with a jail and a 
court-house, in which lawyers gathered in term time, 
in the society of whom Dr. Atwater always delight- 
ed, and of whom he never tired to repeat interesting 
stories. Prominent among his parishioners was one 
of the most distinguished, if not the most distin- 
guished, of the lawyers of Connecticut, the Hon. 
Roger Minott Sherman, whose stately, yet graceful 



bearing, whose classic English, whose acute discrim- 
ination and impressive appeals were not more re- 
markable than his affable courtesy, his tender human- 
ity, his theological acumen, and his humble piety. 
He was a man who, but for the unfortunate necessi- 
ties of Connecticut politics, would have stood by 
Clay, Webster, and Calhoun in the Senate of the 
United States, nor stood abashed; and yet was 
always ready to second his pastor in the familiar 
exposition of Christian truth in the meetings of the 
church. From a little gem of a village, about two 
miles and a half distant, came a few choice families 
regularly to church, among whom were the two 
brothers Marquand, who have connected their names 
with Princeton and Yale by their wise and princely lib- 
erality. The earlier pastors of the church were men 
of mark. Andrew Eliot, President Heman Hum- 
phrey, and Dr. Nathaniel Hewit were honored names. 
Such a place was pre-eminently suited to the tastes 
and character of the young pastor, who made his 
home here at the age of twenty-two. He entered at 
once into hearty sympathy with the responsibilities 
of the pastoral office, and with characteristic ardor 
into " the care of all the churches," during a period 
of crisis and excitement. Here he continued for 
more than nineteen years, till his election to the 
newly established chair of mental and moral philos- 
ophy in this college in 1854. During all his pastor- 

j 



i8 

ate, the churches of Connecticut were agitated by 
two active controversies, in both of which Dr. At- 
water was conspicuous. No one who knew him 
could doubt that his convictions were sincere and 
positive, and as little that his ability was conspicu 
ous. As little could it be questioned that he was 
upright and friendly in his feelings toward the men 
whose opinions he controverted. Of the three an- 
tagonists whom he most frequently encountered, Dr. 
Taylor had been the pastor of his childhood. Dr. 
Bacon of his riper years, and Dr. Bushnell he knew 
and admired as a brilliant preacher and writer. If his 
feelings were warm and his declarations were positive, 
he was never bitter or acrimonious. While he was de- 
cided in his positions and unflinching in sharp criti- 
cism and heated debate, he was uniformly cordial in 
his greetings and friendly in his intercourse with 
every one whom he assailed. 

In respect to the earlier movements of his mind 
which finally led to his decided dissent from what 
was then called the New Divinity, I may speak 
with intelligence and earnestness, because no living 
person knows so much of them as myself. I affirm 
with entire confidence that it was the practical ex- 
cesses which attended the revivalism of those days far 
more than its metaphysical theology which offended 
his tastes and controlled his convictions. He could 
not tolerate its shallow conceptions of Christian experi- 



19 



ence, its fanatical applications with respect to the 
Christian life, or its violence to the refined humanities 
into which centuries of Christian culture had blos- 
somed. He was in nature and by training a born 
conservative in these particulars. His personal and 
parochial associations confirmed these tastes. His 
feelings required a positive definiteness in the phrase- 
ology of his creed, a grave decorum in the homage 
of his worship, and a sweet charitableness in the 
manifestations of the Christian life. The associa- 
tions of his parish and its vicinity strengthened these 
sympathies. He was the pastor of a parish which 
was sturdily, yet decorously conservative in all its 
traditions and ways. He was associated with cleri- 
cal brethren who were disinclined to change— men 
strong, fervent, logical, and eloquent. He delighted in 
nothing so much as in criticism and debate, and 
was accustomed to discussion and controversy. He 
was eager and earnest, because he thought and felt 
strongly, and hence it happened that, though pos- 
sessed of the kindest of natures, he became a man of 
war from his youth. But even in the fiery ardor of 
his youth he was chivalrous in his feelings, and never 
ceased to honor the antagonists whom he assailed, 
remembering always that he had reverenced them 
in his childhood and honored them in his riper 
years. 

For the last fifteen years of his life the remem- 



20 



brance of these collisions seemed to have been grad- 
ually effaced on both sides. In these later days not 
the slightest embarrassment disturbed his warm and 
frequent interviews with his old friends, and he en- 
joyed his frequent visits to the scenes of his child- 
hood and the friends of his earlier years with a zest 
that was delightful to them and to himself 

In May, 1872, he was present at the semi-centen- 
nial anniversary of the Divinity School of New 
Haven as an alumnus, and I have no doubt it was 
with extreme pleasure, as one of the most delightful 
acts of his life, that he pronounced a glowing eulogy 
upon Dr. Taylor as his pastor and theological teacher, 
followed, as was fitting, with a tribute equally warm 
to the two eminent friends of his active life, Drs. 
Charles Hodge and Nathaniel Hewit. Referring 
to the other teachers of the Seminary, Drs. Good- 
rich, Fitch, and Gibbs, he gave the following mem- 
orable testimony, which will be heard with a new 
interest by this great assembly who mourn him in 
his death : " Constrained, as I have been in the con- 
flicts of the past generations, to take a different view 
from these distinguished men of some great issues in 
metaphysics and divinity, I rejoice, my brethren, 
that, however we then thought, or may think, we 
differ, or do differ in our thinking, we can look 
over these barriers and find a higher, indissoluble 
' unity of faith ' in the one body of which we are 



21 



members ; the one Spirit by which we are sealed ; 
one hope by which we live ; one Lord, our Prophet, 
Priest, and King ; one faith by which we live in and 
through and unto Him ; one baptism in the name 
of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, the Trinity in 
unity, to whom be glory forever." 

In a similar spirit he accepted the reunion of the 
divided portions of the Presbyterian church in 
thorough good faith, and labored cordially and effi- 
ciently for the welfare of the body when reunited, and 
most heartily rejoiced in the successful consequences 
of a measure of which at first he might have ques- 
tioned the expediency and practicability. And here 
let me say, once for all, that if there were any quali- 
ties for which he was conspicuous they were gener- 
osity and magnanimity in his public and personal 
relations. Though positive in assertion and earnest 
in debate, though sharp in criticism and at times 
vehement in invective, he was eminently kind in his 
feelings, just in his aims and desires, and magnani- 
mous in his deeds. 

As a pastor and friend Dr. Atwater was respected 
and loved. The people of his charge had been train- 
ed to old-time ways of courtesy and reverence, and 
Dr. Atwater believed in the solid virtues and ancient 
manners of the earlier generations. How pleasantly 
he went in and out before his people it is not for me 
to describe. It is enough to know that he always 



22 



delighted to revisit them, and that the remembrances 
of his parish life were always fresh and fragrant to 
his thoughts. It is interesting also to know that the 
last sermon which he preached was to his old peo- 
ple in Fairfield. 

I have already spoken of Drs. He wit and Hodge 
as the two prominent friends of his maturer life. 
Each of these gentlemen was the object of his fer- 
vent admiration and unshaken confidence. The 
first fascinated him by his fervid earnestness, his 
splendid eloquence, and his rapt devotion. The 
other held him by his abundant learning, his lucid 
statements, and his practical wisdom, and became 
to him a reverend father and a most trusted friend. 
Both satisfied his strong yet confiding nature, and 
greatly enlarged the happiness of his life. For these, 
as for all his friends, he was generous in his love and 
unwearied in act and sacrifice. 

In 1854 he began his new career at Princeton. 
His early studies had been characteristically meta- 
physical. His reading of Coleridge had greatly stim- 
ulated his native taste for philosophical thinking, 
and initiated him early into the terminology and dis- 
tinctions of the Kantian school. His zeal in this 
direction carried him so far that he reprinted in a 
cheap and portable form a now forgotten exposition 
of Kant by one of his early English disciples. His 
facility in apprehending and applying the Kantian 



23 

terminology was remarkable in the view of his 
friends. Dr. Taylor's ethics and theodicy aroused 
his energies of faith and dissent, in respect to the 
profoundest questions which concern the responsi- 
bility of man and the government of God. Had he 
from the first confined his studies to questions of phi- 
losophy and mastered its refined and unmanageable 
literature, he would have entered upon his work with 
greater advantage. He was, however, never fond of 
reading for its own sake, especially in lines which 
led away from some immediate interest of thought 
or action ; although his capacity to read with insight 
and effect was always quite remarkable. Notwith- 
standing this capacity, his tastes were not so em- 
phatically the tastes of a learned scholar, as of a practical 
thinker and student of men and affairs. He spent, as 
we have seen, the first twenty years of his professional 
life in pastoral duty, burdened and distracted by discus- 
sions and criticisms, many of which were of no specu- 
lative interest. Moreover, he was called immediately 
to a variety of functions in the service of the college, 
which had no relation to his studies and duties as a 
learner or teacher of philosophy. His practical un- 
derstanding, his interest in and his mastery of college 
administration soon made itself manifest, and brought 
upon him manifold responsibilities, which distracted 
his attention and consumed his time. His facility 
in writing and his lively interest in controversial 



24 

questions and ecclesiastical movements, compelled 
him to write abundantly for the press. He was soon 
called to assume the responsibilities of joint, and 
finally of sole, editor of the Princeton Review, which 
weighed upon him for ten of the most critical years 
of a man's life, and probably did more to shorten his 
life than any other of his manifold responsibilities. He 
gave himself with great energy to his appropriate 
studies and showed distinguished ability in appreciat- 
ing and expounding psychological and metaphysical 
truth, and was always recognized by his pupils as a 
clear and strong thinker and an able instructor. His 
lectures were valued as stimulating and disciplinary 
in the highest degree and will long be remembered 
by the classes which enjoyed his instructions. It is 
believed that he has left as definite an impress upon 
their minds and characters as any of his cotempora- 
ries. His " Manual of Logic" is a model of a brief 
work of the kind. It was with great reluctance, but 
with a noble magnanimity and self-sacrifice that he 
relinquished Psychology for Political Economy at a 
somewhat advanced period of his professional life, and 
thereby assumed new burdens. As a teacher and writer 
in political economy he felt himself entirely at 
home. His tastes and habits fitted him to un- 
derstand affairs political and financial, and whether 
he conversed or wrote upon these topics he was 



25 

completely at his ease, exhibiting great facility and 
varied power. His ability and success were ac- 
knowledged to be pre-eminent. 

In college administration he was eminently skill- 
ful and trustworthy. He was shrewd and far-sight- 
ed ; cautious, yet decided ; cool, yet positive. 
Above all, he was self-sacrificing and laborious 
whenever time, or thought, or labor was needed for 
the right determination of difficult questions, or the 
execution of any plan which involved painstaking 
and patience. In critical times of college discipline 
Dr. Atwater was a tower of strength, being always 
in his place, prompt, cool, and clear-headed, while he 
was bold and energetic against unreason and diso- 
bedience. His generous public spirit was always 
manifest in times of trial and anxiety, and on him 
were laid many unpleasant burdens because it was 
known that he would never refuse to meet a try- 
ing exigency. 

His general official services for the increase of the 
funds of the college in the times of its pressing need, 
before the days of its distinguished prosperity, are 
well known. That these services cost him patience, 
labor, and anxiety for two or three continuous years is 
well known to his friends. Their immediate fruits 
were not inconsiderable. Their importance in pre- 
paring for the splendid ingathering of the latter har- 



26 

vest are fitted to encourage all who are called to a 
similar faith and patience, and deserve to be gratefully 
remembered in his honor by all the sons of Prince- 
ton. 

I can not be mistaken in saying that, with his col- 
leagues and the classes which have been under 
his care, he has uniformly left the impression that 
they had to do with an upright, single-hearted, self- 
sacrificing friend, a man upon whom his friends 
could rely in times of stress and trial — a solid lover 
of truth and goodness ; reverent, affectionate, true- 
hearted, useful, charitable, and just. 

For nearly thirty years he has served this college 
with singular devotion and fidelity, with eminent up- 
rightness, patience, and magnanimity, and he dies as 
one of its oldest officers. It is fit that his manifold 
public services should be commemorated by his col- 
leagues. I count it a special privilege to be allowed to 
give my testimony to the genuine worth of my 
friend of more than fifty years, to his warm-hearted 
generosity, his transparent uprightness, and his cordial 
affection that was strong in life and in death. 

As a Christian believer he made no demonstrations 
of zeal or devotion, but those who knew him best 
knew most certainly that he walked with God in 
undoubting faith and loyal uprightness, that he loved 
the church with devoted and passionate zeal, that he 
served his college with upright and self-sacrificing 



27 

laboriousness, and cherished his family with sin- 
gular sweetness. We can not doubt that his inherit- 
ance is with the spirits of the just made perfect. 

As we follow him in our thoughts, we can imag- 
ine with what a complete yet modest satisfaction he 
has already received the blessed assurance, "Well 
done, thou good and faithful servant : enter thou into 
the joy of thy Lord," and how hearty has been the 
greeting which he may have already extended to the 
many blessed souls who had gone before him into 
that satisfying joy. 



ADDRESS 



THE .REV. JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LL.D., 

President of Princeton College. 



ADDRESS. 



The College of New Jersey is this day in mourn- 
inor. It has suffered as great a loss as it could 
suffer. I feel that I am called on to speak of what 
Dr. Atwater has done in the College, specially as 
a teacher. 

He has been laboring among us for nearly twenty- 
nine years. During that time he has been instruct- 
ing our advanced students in mental, moral, and 
political science, the branches most fitted to call 
forth thought, to train the mind and form the char- 
acter. In logic, ethics, and metaphysics he pro- 
ceeded in his teaching on the fundamental princi- 
ples which God has planted in the mind, and which 
guarantee truth. In ethics he taught an eternal 
and immutable morality. He had surveyed and 
mastered the whole wide subject of social science, 
and was regarded on all hands as an authority in 
all departments of political science. The law and 
the love of God ran through all his teachings and 
writinpfs and o-ave them a hig-h elevation. 

He had a very comprehensive mind, looking on 
all sides of a question. He weighed with care 



32 

every topic, and formed a just estimate of it. He 
had eminently a judicial mind, and if he had gone 
to the bar he would certainly have risen to a high 
position. He occupied in my opinion a still higher 
sphere in training, and sending forth to high and 
useful occupations such a body of young men. 

He has had, I should suppose, so many as be- 
tween two and three thousand — say two thousand 
five hundred pupils who have been instructed by 
him. All of them speak of him with profound rev- 
erence, many of them with deep gratitude for the 
good they have received. His memory will be 
cherished, and his influence for good will be felt 
wherever his pupils have gone and as long as any 
of them survive. 

For nearly a third of a century he has been 
identified with all that is good in this institution. 
He lived and labored for the good of the College. 
He has had as much influence as any one man, 
perhaps more than any other, in forming the char- 
acter of its numerous alumni, scattered all over the 
country, and fitting them for usefulness in various 
walks of life. 

We valued him as a teacher. But we also re- 
vered and loved him as a man. Every one who 
knew him will be prepared to testify that he was 
actuated throughout by high principle, moral and 
religious. This gave a consistency to his character 



33 

which made every one respect him. He labored 
to keep up a high standard of moraHty and piety 
among us. But he was far from being a man of 
mere head without heart. Underneath his sedate 
demeanor there was a deep well of feeling ever 
ready to burst out. He was firm in rebuking the 
erring, but was ever melted when he discovered 
signs of repentance. He was charged with the 
benevolent funds of this institution and administered 
the trust with great faithfulness and kindness. 
Many students will remember forever the wise 
counsels which he gave them. 

His work and mine have been constantly and 
closely intermingled. Of all the instructors here I 
shall feel his removal most keenly. I do not know 
where we can get a man to take up the profound 
and varied subjects which he taught. It is due to 
the memory of one who upheld philosophy in 
Princeton College, not to let it down from the high 
place which it has all along occupied here. The 
fittest tribute which we can pay to his memory is 
to secure that the work which he has carried on so 
effectively will be continued in the ages to follow. 



ADDRESS 



THE REV. ARCHIBALD ALEXANDER HODGE, D.D., 
Professor in the Princeton Theological Seminary. 



ADDRESS. 



As has been already said, the grand distinctions of 
Dr. Atwater were the judicial character of his judg- 
ment, the weight of his personal influence, and the 
many-sidedness of his intelligence and of his actu- 
ally achieved results. His force lay not in the 
amount of his acquisitions nor in the adventitious 
conditions of his reputation, or of his position, but 
rather in the robust and wise and effective manhood 
into which he had developed. The gentlemen who 
have preceded me have spoken of him as a product 
of New England manhood, religion, and culture, of 
his eminence in metaphysical and ethical philosophy, 
and as an original thinker in the departments of 
political and financial science, and of his great serv- 
ices as a teacher and counsellor in the College of 
New Jersey for almost the third of a century. I 
stand here, however, as the representative of the 
citizens of Princeton, of her civil and ecclesiastical 
societies, of the theological seminary, to give ex- 
pression here to our sense of his eminent services in 
all these relations. 

In each of these spheres Dr. Atwater was fully 



38 

and consistently himself, the strong, weighty, wise, 
and godly man ; the centre around which multitudes 
of lesser men revolved ; the tie by which many im- 
perfectly accordant personalities and interests were 
bound together ; the counsellor and judge in whose 
final decision the rest of us were easily persuaded to 
acquiesce. Coming to this village before the College 
had become as large and as independent a commu- 
nity as it is at present, he at once identified himself 
with our citizens in all their interests, and especially 
with the fellowship of the First Presbyterian Church. 
For a generation he has gone in and out among us 
as one of the princes of our people, always trusted 
and always proving himself worthy of the confi- 
dence universally reposed in his wisdom and fidelity. 
He was always the most influential man at our con- 
gregational meetings for the administration of paro- 
chial business, and an important member of all 
deliberative and executive committees. He was ever 
a faithful friend and a wise counsellor of his pastors, 
and an efficient aid in all situations in which his co- 
operation was possible. As far as his constantly 
multiplying engagements and his failing health per- 
mitted he was an habitual attendant upon the de- 
votional meetings of the church, and on all occasions 
in which he took a public part he was eminently 
edifying and instructive to his fellow-worshippers. 
His Christian character was, as it should be, the 



39 

crown and ornament of his entire life. It of course 
partook of the general attributes of his nature. It 
was intelligent, broad and judicial, but none the less 
fervent, and it controlled the whole sum of forces of 
his nature, and stamped itself upon the community 
which enjoyed his fellowship. 

On the first day of last October my farewell sight 
of him was coincident with his latest attendance 
upon any place of public worship. I became sud- 
denly and vividly conscious of his presence, standing 
out beyond that of the general audience as I ad- 
dressed the communicants of this church. His erect 
forward attitude of interest, and his shining face 
kindled the speaker's emotions, and left his picture, 
under a transfiguring light, impressed upon his 
memory forever. He parted from us his fellow- 
worshippers at the Table of the Lord, with his 
face glowing with the affections of Christian faith 
and brotherhood, and reflecting the light of that 
heavenly temple into whose bright and joyous 
services he has entered before us. It was a fit 
closing of his public life among us. 

With the Theological Seminary of the Presbyte- 
rian Church in this place Dr. Atwater sustained a 
more intimate and vital relation than any other offi- 
cer of this College or any individual whatever not a 
member of the Seminary faculty itself, in the entire 
history of that institution for seventy years. For 



40 

Dr. Atwater was probably even more eminent as a 
theologian and as a theoretical ecclesiastic than he 
was in any other of the many departments in which 
he acquired an honorable reputation. He was un- 
questionably more intimately and accurately versed 
in all the varieties and the entire history of what is 
known as New England theology, than any other 
member of the Presbyterian Church. He was cer- 
tainly, together with the late Dr. Charles Hodge, the 
most able as well as the most voluminous theological 
reviewer and controversialist of the Old School branch 
of the Presbyterian Church during the last quarter 
of a century. In 1863 he was elected by a very large 
majority vote of the General Assembly professor 
of systematic theology in the Western Theological 
Seminary, Allegheny City, Pennsylvania. But he 
has been always known in theological circles and 
questions as a Princeton man, and as one of the 
most powerful defenders of that faith in his genera- 
tion. His intimate friendship and effective co- 
operation with the late Dr. Charles Hodge for so 
many years is one of the signal facts in the history 
of both of them. Dr. Atwater became a citizen of 
Princeton and a professor in this College in 1854. 
But his intimacy and co-operation with Dr. Hodge 
began fourteen years before that, with his first con- 
tribution to the Biblical Repertory and Princeton 
Review, on the " Power of Contrary Choice," in 



41 

1840. Since which time he was a constant con- 
tributor, then the most intimate counsellor, then 
junior editor, and then editor-in-chief. The fact is that 
Dr. Atwater was given to the College by the Semi- 
nary, being first attracted and then for many years 
held in the Princeton circle by theological sympathies. 
Dr. Hodge, of course, formed the most intimate, 
confidential, and tender of his personal friendships 
in an earlier period of his life. But from the time 
of Dr. Atwater's permanent residence in Princeton 
for twenty-four years Dr. Hodge was more depend- 
ent upon him for intellectual sympathy and for 
counsel than upon any other man then living. This 
intimacy led to constant interviews and consultations 
in the study of the older man, in which all the 
theological questions of the day, and all the public 
interests of the Presbyterian Church at large, and of 
the institutions of Princeton were discussed, and the 
methods and policy of their defence or advocacy 
planned and decided. My father continually ex- 
pressed to his most intimate friends his great satis- 
faction in Dr. Atwater's intellectual fellowship and 
sympathy, and his admiration for his judgment. 
Thus they more and more worked together hand to 
hand as long as the strength of the elder friend 
lasted. He then handed over the sole command of 
the old flagship to his younger colleague, as his ablest 
and most like-minded successor. 



y 



42 

His articles in the Princeton Review are greater 
in number than those of any other contributor 
except Drs. James W. and Joseph Addison Alexan- 
der and Dr. Charles Hodge. They range over a 
greater variety of subjects than any one of these, 
including doctrine and apologetics, criticism, biog- 
raphy, history, education, metaphysics, ethics, poli- 
tics, political economy, and finance. In all of these 
he wrote out of the fulness of knowledge and with 
great clearness and force. 

Dr. Atwater delivered with great acceptance 
several successive courses of lectures to the students 
of the Theological Seminary on questions connected 
with mental and moral science about the years 1858 
to 1863. He was a member of the board of trustees 
from i860 to his death, and from 1876 vice-president 
of that board and chairman of the committee on 
grounds and buildings. These functions he dis- 
charged with unparalleled fidehty, ability, and judg- 
ment. No bill was paid, nor expense incurred, nor 
claim for salary or wages satisfied except upon a 
warrant signed by his hand. And in all matters of 
greater moment, as in the founding of chairs, the 
arrangement of the curriculum, or the election of 
professors, the directors were always glad to avail 
themselves of his advice. 

In one estimate we can all agree. In this testi- 
mony the College, the village, the Church, the Theo- 



43 

logical Seminary, all unite, we have all lost the one 
man whom we each could least afford to spare. 
God in His wise benevolence will doubtless over- 
rule even this for good. But we have little hope 
that He will ever again give us a man endowed 
with the same qualities, and adjusted to the same in- 
tricate and delicate relations, broad enough, wise 
enough, strong enough, well-balanced enough to fill 
the large void made by the death of Dr. Lyman H. 
Atwater. 



^ 



DISCOURSE 

OF 

THE REV. WILLIAM M. TAYLOR, D.D, LL.D, 

Pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York City. 



y 



MEMORIAL DISCOURSE. 



" He was a good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith." 
— Acts xi. 24, 

This is a remarkable eulogy. It was written by 
Luke at the close of the second year of Paul's first 
imprisonment, and therefore in the full knowledge 
of all the facts connected with the breach between 
the great Apostle and Barnabas, which ended in 
their departing " asunder one from another," and 
of which the account comes in at a later part of his 
narrative. For years the Evangelist had been the 
constant companion and intimate friend of the 
Apostle, and, as such, we may suppose that he had 
received all the details of the unhappy controversy 
from his lips ; yet in spite of all that had come and 
gone between them, he takes this early and inci- 
dental opportunity, which the mention of his first 
visit to Antioch affords, to put on record his de- 
liberate estimate of his character and worth. Here 
and there, too, in the epistles of Paul, there are 
casual allusions, which show that in the verdict here 
pronounced he fully concurred ; so that its presence 
in this place is alike honorable to all three — to 



48 

Barnabas as thoroughly deserving this noble trib- 
ute ; to Paul as showing that the controversy over 
Mark had left no permanent estrangement in his 
heart ; and to Luke as proving the judicial imparti- 
ality with which he wrote his history. 

But, striking as this testimony to Barnabas is, when 
we regard the circumstances in which it was given, it is 
no less noteworthy in itself considered ; for its sole 
emphasis is laid on moral and spiritual qualities. The 
greatness of this early disciple was in his goodness ; 
that goodness, again, was rooted in his faith, and 
the whole was vitalized by the indwelling Spirit, 
whose influence pervaded the life, and gave it that 
amiability and attractiveness by which it was dis- 
tinguished. Barnabas was not deficient in intel- 
lectual ability, neither was he destitute of mental 
independence or moral energy ; but the totality of 
the man — that by which he was best known and for 
which he was most fondly remembered — was his 
goodness. He was loved even more that he was 
admired ; and even those who had seriously differed 
from him were constrained to speak of him with 
tenderest affection. 

You will not wonder, therefore, that in seeking 
an appropriate text for the memorial discourse 
which this evening, at the request of the Faculty 
of this College, I am come to deliver, I have been 
led to select that which I have just announced. 



49 

For though intellectually and theologically Dr. At- 
water had much that resembled Paul rather than 
Barnabas ; though he was one of the most versatile 
and many-sided men whom I have ever known ; all 
his other characteristics were fused into a unit by 
his pre-eminent goodness ; and that, in its turn, 
was permeated by his Christian faith. No one 
could know him without loving him, and perceiv- 
ing that he loved the Lord ; so that, though in his 
time he had taken part in earnest controversies, and 
had been in many conflicts, when he passed away 
from us the universal ejaculatiom from former an- 
tagonists and former allies alike was this — " He was 
a good man." 

I could have wished that the duty which has been 
assigned to me had been committed to some one 
who had known him longer, and could speak from 
personal participation in the movements with which 
he was identified ; but when the work was laid on 
me, I could not refuse to place a wreath upon the 
grave of one whose friendship I counted one of my 
highest honors ; and though the wreath be made 
of material as simple as the heather of my native 
hills, it will at least attest the sincerity of my affec- 
tion for him who was so greatly beloved by us all. 

Lyman Hotchkiss Atwater was born at Cedar 
Hill, now a part of New Haven, Conn., February 



50 

23, 1813. He was descended from one of the first 
settlers of the colony, and his parents had all the 
characteristics of the Puritan stock to which they 
belonged. He has himself described the formative 
influences under which his early days were spent 
in the following sentences, which we take from his 
noble article on Horace Bushnell : ''^' "We recall the 
Puritanical, almost Jewish Sabbath observance ; 
church -going through wintry blasts into the un- 
warmed 'meeting-house,' to hear theology reasoned 
out through two sermons ; the drill in the Shorter 
Catechism ; the common school with its rough 
oaken seats and sometimes rougher teachers ; the 
toilsome industry which extorted a frugal subsist- 
ence from rocky soils, or by the slow process of 
handiwork in producing what steam and electricity 
and machinery will now yield in vastly greater pro- 
fusion and superior quality to a tithe of the labor. 
We now seem to hear the rattle of the household 
spinning-wheel to produce the thread or yarn, for 
the very weaving of which was paid double what 
the same amount of cloth already finished, and bet- 
ter fitted for the same use, would now cost. It is 
scarcely possible for those whose lives do not run 
back of the half century now closing to conceive of 
the severe style of life and manners then prevalent 



* The Presbyterian Review, vol. ii., p. 115. 



51 



from dire necessity." A rough nurture that "Age 
of Homespun " gave to those who were born into 
it ; but it made them men, and hardened them into 
sturdy mental independence as well as into physical 
vigor. 

After his first course of education at the pub- 
lic school, he was prepared for college by Dr. 
H. P. Arms, afterward pastor of the Congrega- 
tional church in Norwich, Conn. ; and at the age 
of 14 he entered the Freshman class at Yale in 
1827. He was a distinguished student, and at his 
graduation in 1831 he received the second honor of 
his class ; but during the last year of his course a 
richer blessing came to him than any such literary 
eminence, excellent as in its own place that is, 
could confer; for in the spring of 183 1 a deep,' 
earnest, and powerful, though quiet " revival " per- 
vaded the College, and left its deposit of lasting 
and germinant influence in his heart and life. " We, 
too," he says, while alluding to the quickening 
which Bushnell received on that memorable occa- 
sion, " participated in the same great awakening, in 
which the ' still small voice ' of the Spirit was so 
mighty, that for days the usual din of conversation 
at meals in the great dining-hall was hushed into very 
whispers."* He had been trained, as we have seen, 

* The Presbyterian Review, vol. ii., p. ii6. 



52 

in a Christian home, and now the new life within 
him, lifted up into itself, and made its own all that 
was best in his previous experience, thereby giving 
a moral and spiritual unity to his character, so that 
thenceforward the Christian in him was conspicu- 
ous, not by ostentatious display, but by pervasive 
power. 

After a year spent near Baltimore in teaching the 
classics at Mount Hope Seminary, he returned to 
New Haven, and in the fall of 1832 he entered on 
the study of theology at the Yale Divinity vSchool. 
In 1833 he was appointed a tutor in the College, 
but he continued his theological studies side by side 
with his work as an instructor, and these years 
probably did more than any others in his opening 
manhood to shape the course of his subsequent 
career. Already, in his undergraduate life, he had 
become noted, along with his friend Noah Porter, 
now the honored President of Yale, for his devo- 
tion to intellectual philosophy ; and when he re- 
turned from Baltimore to begin the study of theol- 
ogy, his former discussions with fellow-students on 
metaphysical subjects were resumed with all the 
ardor and enthusiasm of youth. A company of 
four are especially named by him* as having been 
" most addicted to philosophical study, and wont to 



* " Memorial Discourse on Elisha Lord Cleaveland," p. 29. 



53 

probe questions to the bottom by original investi- 
gations beyond the deliverances of the lecture- 
room." They occupied adjoining apartments in 
the upper story of a house, which, because of their 
continual debates, was known among their fellow- 
students by the sobriquet of the " Philosophical 
Garret." One of the four was Dr. Cleaveland, after- 
ward pastor of a church in New Haven ; another 
became a missionary to Turkey and afterward 
librarian of the New York State Library at Alba- 
ny ; the third was Dr. Atwater himself ; and the 
fourth was that life-long friend whose voice was so 
fitly heard in loving eulogy over the bier of his 
early companion. I mention all this here because 
it is full of suggestiveness, especially to students, 
as serving to remind them that the training which 
they give to each other in intellectual athletics, is 
often of almost as great importance as that which 
they receive directly from the professors in the 
class-rooms. 

At this time, too, it was, that Dr. Atwater came 
under the influence of Coleridge. The " Aids to 
Reflection," published in England some seven or 
eight years before (in 1825), had found its way into 
the hands of these young men, and greatly stirred 
their minds. It is interesting, at this distance, to 
trace the different directions in which the quicken- 
ing force of the poet-philosopher has carried those 



54 

who came under its operation. Some, like Carlyle, 
having reached the stage of Titanic defiance describ- 
ed in his chapter on " The Everlasting No," before 
they came into contact with the Highgate sage, 
ridiculed his utterances as "moonshine." Others 
were sent by them into ritualishi ; and more 
perhaps were carried by them into Broad Church- 
ism ; while there were not a few who, like his 
American editor, Dr. Shedd, and our friend Dr. At- 
water, were stiffened by their contact with him, into 
a more stalwart orthodoxy. The reason of all this 
may, perhaps, be found in the fragmentary and dis- 
jointed character of his writings. It is questionable 
if he had ever reached a system in his own mind ; 
but whether he had or not, he has nowhere given 
systematic completeness to his teachings. His 
philosophy, as Dr. Shedd has said, " must be gather- 
ed from his writings rather than quoted from 
them."^" Those who have not had the patience to 
make such an induction, have simply carried away 
from him the general stimulus which his thinking 
gave them, and the special suggestions which fitted 
into their own tastes and idiosyncrasies ; while 
others who have been awakened by him into inde- 
pendent research have shaken themselves clear of 
his mysticism, and have been grateful ever after- 



* The complete works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, vol. i., p. lo. 



55 

ward for the quickening and impulse they have re- 
ceived at his hands. Among these last was Dr. At- 
water. As he has said of Dr. Cleaveland, so we 
may say of himself, that " he was one of those who 
profited by Coleridge's writings, because he knew 
how to separate the chaff from the wheat, master- 
ing, instead of being mastered by them."* Indeed 
that is substantially what he has said for himself in 
his own excellent article on Coleridge, for after re- 
ferring to the imperfect development of that author's 
ideas, he goes on to say that by that very thing 
" the reader would be excited to thought and study, 
and every sort of tentative effort, to track out the 
germinant thought to its full proportions, and realize 
all the hidden treasures it embosomed. It shot into 
his mind the dawn of a new idea ; he can not rest 
till he has clarified that twilight apprehension or 
imagining into meridian clearness. Now this oper- 
ates at once as the effective stimulus and discipline 
of the intellect ; and provided only that it does not 
lead to a servile adoption of the author's tenets, its 
influence is every way salubrious and invigorating, 
and a vastly higher benefit is gained by studying 
such a writer than one who does not awaken such 
mental strivings to work out for ourselves the prob- 
lem that he has rather suggested than solved. And 



* Memorial of Rev. E, L. Cleaveland, p. 30. 



56 

those who have, especially in youth or opening man- 
hood, received such a lofty impulse and incalculable 
benefit from any author, will not soon forget their 
obligations to him whatever they may think of his 
specific or pecuhar doctrines."* We can not but 
feel that all this is autobiographical, and that we 
have here described the history of his own relation 
to the works of Coleridge. For one benefit he is 
repeatedly grateful to the English philosopher. In 
the course of his numerous writings he has quoted 
oftener than once the following sentences from the 
" Aids to Reflection " : " Often have I heard it said 
by the advocates for the Socmian scheme — True 
we are all sinners ; but even in the Old Testament 
God has promised forgiveness on repentance. One 
of the fathers (I forget which) supplies the retort : 
True ! God has promised pardon on penitence ; but 
has He promised penitence on sin ? He that re- 
penteth shall be forgiven ; but where is it said, he 
that sinneth shall repent ? But repentance, perhaps, 
the repentance required in Scripture, the passing 
into a new mind, into a new and contrary principle 
of action, this Metanoia, is in the sinner's own 
power ? at his own liking ? He has but to open his 
eyes to the sin, and the tears are at hand to wash it 
away ! Verily the exploded tenet of transubstantia- 



*The Princeton Review, April, 1848, pp. 163, 164, 



57 

tion is scarcely at greater variance with the com- 
mon sense and experience of mankind, or borders 
more closely on a contradiction in terms, than this 
volunteer traitsmentation, this self-change as the easy 
means of self-salvation." These sentences, as I have 
said, I have found quoted at least twice in his arti- 
cles, and on each occasion with appended remarks 
which have in them the ring of a personal experi- 
ence ; for on the first he speaks of the passage as 
one " which soon after its publication met the eye 
of a theological student who had begun to be capti- 
vated by the Pelagian speculations of the day, and 
started a most beneficial revolution in all his views 
of theology";^" and on the second he says, "This 
has flashed a flood of light on more than one soul 
bewildered in its struggles to realize in himself the 
theory that he was able to make himself a Christian, 
while it has proved a turning and guide-board for 
his whole after career. "f When to these statements 
I add that he said to one of his students only 
eighteen months before his death, that he could not 
exaggerate the influence of the "Aids to Reflec- 
tion " on his mind, and that thouorh far from beinp- 
a Coleridgean he regarded his perusal of that book 
as an epoch in his life : I am surely warranted in 
drawing special attention to that which on his own 



* The Princeton Review, April, 1848, pp. 181, 182. 
t The Presbyterian Review, vol. ii., p. 124. 



58 

testimony so materially influenced Dr. Atwater's 
history. 

At the time to which we are referring, the Rev. 
Dr. N. W. Taylor was stirring the thought of New 
England by his eloquent and vigorous advocacy 
of that system which came to be known as the New 
Haven Theology ; but though drawn most affection- 
ately to Dr. Taylor as the pastor of his boyhood, 
Dr. Atwater could not receive his teacher's theory, 
that all moral goodness is reducible to some form of 
self-love, or means of happiness to the agent ; and in 
many other details of his system, of more or less 
importance, which need not here be named, he was 
stimulated to antagonism by the very ability of his 
master. Hence, he probably derived more quicken- 
ing from Dr. Taylor's course of lectures, than he 
would have done if he had implicitly received their 
doctrines, and for the rejection of one of these, the 
determining impulse, as we have seen, was given him 
by Coleridge. In any case, at the end of his theo- 
logical course, he emerged a thorough Calvinist, of 
the Old-School type, and on that line he travelled 
till the close of life. 

In May, 1834, Mr. Atwater was licensed to 
preach the Gospel by the New Haven West Asso- 
ciation, and on the 29th July, 1835, he was ordained 
and installed pastor of the First Congregational 
Church of Fairfield, Connecticut, which is one of 



59 

the oldest churches in that State, and which had en- 
joyed for many years the ministrations of a series 
of distinguished men. Here he labored for nine- 
teen years with great ability and acceptance, and 
hither in October, 1835, he led home the wife of his 
affection, who cheered his domestic life with her 
genial companionship until the day when, after 
years of weakness which he brightened by the most 
tender care, she was taken from his side into the 
heavenly mansion. 

Only two things connected with his pastorate 
need to be particularly mentioned here, as serving 
to show the sort of man he was. The first was 
the part which he took in the controversy which 
arose over the theological teachings of the late Dr. 
Horace Bushnell, as these had been embodied in his 
work entitled "God in Christ." The whole dis- 
cussion has now become a matter of history, the 
record of which may be found on the one side in 
the recently issued life of Bushnell by his daughter, 
and on the other in Dr. Atwater's article in the Prmce- 
ton Review for October, 1853 ; and latterly in the 
splendid dissertation on Dr. Bushnell, which he con- 
tributed to the Presbyterian Review for January, 
1 88 1, and which reveals the finest qualities both of 
his head and of his heart. It is unnecessary, here, to 
specify the subjects concerning which the conflict 
was waged ; enough to say that they were questions 



6o 

of the highest importance, and that Dr. Atwater 
bore himself all through like one who neither de- 
sired controversy nor feared it. On each side were 
ranged men of the highest ability and the noblest 
character ; under leaders concerning both of whom 
Dr. Atwater has said that they were even " finest 
types of the clergy "* of their time ; and the spirit 
by .which he was animated throughout may be gath- 
ered from these sentences: "With untold reluc- 
tance, labor, anxiety, cost of so much that was dear, 
they went forward to the end. They discharged 
their consciences — with what effect it is given us to 
know only in part. The leaders on the other side 
of this conflict consisted largely of those endeared 
to me, at least, by life-long ties, tenderest of all out- 
side of my own household. I can see how, looking 
more at Dr. Bushnell on sides which satisfy and de- 
light than on those which appall and confound, 
than did others, they should have advocated a course 
so different from that which seemed to very many 
imperative. I hope and pray that the policy which, 
then inaugurated, has gained increasing headway 
since, of preventing the trial of ministers who 
furnish strong prima facie ground for trial, will not 
issue in the evils to the old loved churches of my 
nativity and nurture which have been so much pre- 



* Presbyterian Review , vol. ii., pp. 138, 139, note. 



6i 

dieted."* And there is something inexpressibly 
touching in the mellow sweetness of his final refer- 
ence to him who had been the occasion of the con- 
troversy, when, after mentioning one defect in Dr. 
Bushnell's character, he adds : 

" It is a pleasing compensation for this, that it 
was so free from ' envy, malice, and uncharitable- 
ness ' toward men ; so filled, despite all unhappy 
speculations, with all the fulness of God in Christ. 
Few have so much of that creative imagination 
which makes it 'a vision and faculty divine.' He 
was more of a seer than a constructive reasoner. 
Doubtless any obliquities or shadows that marred 
his beholdings here are now cleared away in the im- 
mediate vision of God and of the Lamb."f Thus 
the debates of controversy, though firmly carried 
on by Dr. Atwater, were not suffered to embitter 
his heart ; and to those who know the history of 
the conflict, the article from which I have made 
these extracts is one of the finest examples of the 
power of Christian love in lifting the spirit above 
all prejudices and partisanships, which the English 
language affords. In the controversy and after it, 
Dr. Atwater was pre-eminently " a good man," and 
he retained to the last the esteem and affection of 
some of those who were most strenuously opposed 

* Presbyterian Review, ut supra, p. 138. 
t Presbyterian Review, ut supra, p. 144. 



62 

to him, even as they also continued to be the ob- 
jects of his sincere regard. 

But though constrained by conscience to interest 
himself thus in what may be called the public Church 
questions of his times, he was not neglectful of his 
pastoral work. One of his successors in the ministry 
bears this testimony to his wisdom and love in the 
matter of church extension : 

" Three substantial church buildings, now occu- 
pied by flourishing congregations, were erected in 
the town of Fairfield during his ministry. One was 
for the accommodation of the old church itself, and 
it still stands in its beauty to bear testimony to his 
diligence and energy. Previous to its erection, 
however, some members of the church who lived 
two miles away, in the part of Fairfield known as 
Southport, thinking that they could in that way 
serve the cause of Christ, asked and obtained the 
consent of their pastor to organize a new church, 
and in all the steps necessary to be taken in building 
both the spiritual and material edifice the well-be- 
loved pastor cheerfully assisted. Several years later 
a similar step was taken by the people in another 
section of the town, and the thriving church at 
Black Rock was organized chiefly by the members 
of the old First church, some of whom still hve and 
vie with those who remained under his care, in their 
love and admiration for their former pastor." * 
* Edward E. Rankin, D.D., now of Newark, N. J. 



63 

What like his public ministrations were may be 
gathered from his articles on " The Matter of Preach- 
ing," and " The Manner of Preaching," * the former 
of which was written in 1856, just after he had left 
the pulpit for the professor's chair, and was so highly 
regarded, that it was credited to Dr. James W. Alex- 
ander, and printed, by mistake, as his, in the pos- 
thumous volume on Preaching by that eloquent 
divine, which has taken its place as a standard in 
the department of Homiletics. It may be regarded 
as a summation by himself of the kind of work 
which he set himself to do at Fairfield, and it ouofht 
to be pondered by all young ministers and students 
of Theology as containing, in the briefest compass, 
the concentrated essence of the truth on the subject 
of which it treats. Judging from its statements his 
aim in the pulpit was to exalt God before his peo- 
ple as Maker, Preserver, Benefactor, Sovereign, 
Saviour, and Judge ; to enforce the law under which 
man is placed ; to proclaim Christ as the object 
toward which faith, love, hope, obedience, and devo- 
tion are to be directed ; to answer the questions. 
What shall I believe ? what shall I love ? what shall I 
do, in order to lead a righteous, sober, and godly 
life, and that when Christ shall appear, I also may 
appear with Him in glory? and to enforce the ex- 



See Princeton Review for October, 1856, and April, 1863. 



64 

ercise of religious principles and all the virtues of 
our holy religion in every sphere of life and action. 
With all his leanings toward philosophical studies, 
he did not carry metaphysics into the pulpit, and to 
this day the Fairfield people speak with gratitude of 
the practical Biblical instruction which they received 
at his lips. His great object was to divide rightly 
the word of truth, and so "to glorify God and 
bless men by bringing sinners to the obedience of faith 
in Christ, and promoting their sanctification, their 
knowledge, love, and adoration of God ; their as- 
similation, conformity, and devotion to Him in 
thought, desire, word, and deed ; their cordial and 
delighted communion with Father, Son, and Holy 
Ghost ; their love, gentleness, meekness, patience, 
uprightness, and faithfulness toward their fellow- 
men." ^ He had little confidence in exceptional 
and spasmodic methods, for reasons which he has 
given in his article on Revivals,f and which had their 
root in principles rather than in mere taste ; but he 
set himself to the fullest improvement of the " or- 
dinary means of grace," and sought thereby to ad- 
vance his people " in all holy conversation and god- 
liness." So as the years revolved, he had the hap- 
piness of seeing those committed to his care grow- 
ing in Christian intelligence, and manifesting " the 



* Princeton Review, October, 1856, p. 659. 
t Princeton Review, January, 1842. 



65 

fruit of the Spirit " in that roundness of symmetri- 
cal character, of which he was himself so conspicu- 
ous an example. 

But though he did not take philosophy into the 
pulpit, he had not forsworn it in the study ; and in 
the comparative leisure which a country pastorate 
afforded, he found time for writing many excellent 
contributions to the periodical press on those sub- 
jects which, from the days of his student life, even 
to the last, had pre-eminent attraction for his mind. 
His earliest article in the Princeton Review, on " The 
Power of Contrary Choice," was printed in 1 840, only 
five years after his ordination to the ministry, and 
almost each succeeding year on to the close of his pas- 
torate, one or more contributions from his pen ap- 
peared in its pages. The mental power which these 
productions evinced secured for him the degree of 
D.D. from the Trustees of this institution in 1851 ; 
and so impressed them with a sense of his special 
ability in that department that in 1854 he was ap- 
pointed by them Professor of Mental and Moral 
Philosophy in the College of New Jersey. Here 
the remainder of his life was spent, and how quiet- 
ly, how diligently, with what Christian humility, and 
yet with what pure dignity ; with what minute at- 
tention to his professional duties and yet with what 
patriotic public spirit ; with what unaffected piety 
and yet with what human naturalness, he [bore him- 



66 

self through all those nine and twenty years, is known 
to every inhabitant of Princeton. His change of 
residence brought with it a change in his ecclesiasti- 
cal relationships ; but that was easily consummated, 
for the difference between the Consociationism of 
Connecticut, to which he had been accustomed, and 
the Presbyterianism of New Jersey, to which he 
came, was not great ; and the separation from beloved 
friends in the neighborhood of Fairfield was largely 
compensated by his proximity to Dr. Charles Hodge, 
for whom he had long cherished an ardent admira- 
tion, and whom, as the years went on, he regarded 
with an affection that was allied to reverence. He 
continued to write for the Princeton Review ; was, 
probably, its largest contributor, and became, in 
1 869, its virtual and responsible editor. Then when, 
at the reunion of the churches in 1872, that period- 
ical was amalgamated with the American Quarterly, 
he was joint editor with Dr. Henry B. Smith, of 
the Union Seminary, New York ; but owing to the 
feeble health of his coadjutor, the larger share of 
the burden fell upon him, until, in 1878, \}i\^ Reviem 
passed into other hands, and assumed the character 
which it still maintains. In 1861 he was appointed 
Lecturer in the Theological Seminary here, on the 
connection between Revealed Religion and Meta- 
physical Science, an office which he filled with mark- 
ed ability and success for five years. In 1862 he 



6; 

was successful by dint of great labor, and at the 
cost of a serious illness, in raising an Endowment 
Fund of $140,000 for the College, which was then 
sorely crippled by the effect of the civil war. In 
the estimation of almost all its friends the effort was 
a "forlorn hope," but the patient energy and wise 
persistence of Dr. Atwater made it a complete suc- 
cess. In 1863 he was unanimously appointed by 
the General Assembly to the Professorship of The- 
ology in the Allegheny Seminary, but, to the joy 
of all the friends of Princeton College, he decided 
to remain as one of its Instructors. 

In 1869, on the accession of Dr. McCosh to the 
Presidency, he cheerfully consented to transfer the 
subjects of Psychology and the History of Philos- 
ophy to that eminent metaphysician, receiving in- 
stead those of Economics and Politics, so that 
from that date until his death he was Professor of 
Logic, and Moral and Political Science. He took 
an interested and important part in ecclesiastical 
affairs, and was a member of the joint committee 
which perfected the basis of union in which the Old 
and New School Presbyterian churches were able to 
come together ; and in the various Assemblies of 
which he was a member, he was always a guiding 
spirit, but never surely in a more appropriate place 
than when, as in that of 1880, he was Chairman of 
the Judicial Committee. In all these ways, but es- 



68 

pecially through the pages of the Princeton Review, 
which was so powerful in impressing the opinions 
of its conductors on those whose province it is to 
teach others, and through these upon the Church 
and the world, his influence was widely exerted, not 
only on theological, but on philosophical, ethical, 
and social subjects. 

But these outside labors, large as they were, were 
but the overflow of a life that otherwise was full. 
They were but the accessories and incidental ac- 
companiments of his main business. That business 
was the work of an Educator, and therein he was 
pre-eminent. Few men have been more successful 
than he was, in training thinkers. He impressed 
all his pupils with his perfect mastery of the sub- 
jects with which he had to deal. They admired the 
clearness of his expositions ; the fairness with which 
he stated the opinions of those from whom he 
differed ; the absolute impartiality with which he 
criticised the views of others ; and the candid spirit 
in which he advanced his own. He would not do 
their thinking for his students ; but he furnished 
them with the needful data, and then encouraged 
them to form their own opinions while he stood by 
ready to guide them in the effort. They felt, more- 
over, that he understood not only his subjects, but 
his students. He never forgot that he had once 
been a young man himself, and he could put him- 



69 

self back into the place of an undergraduate and 
look at things from his point of view, with greater 
ease and accuracy than most men of his age and 
acquirements. 

But all this I give on the evidence of testimony, 
for it never was my privilege to see him in the 
class-room, and therefore I may be pardoned for in- 
troducing here one or two tributes, corroboratory 
of what I have just said, which I have received from 
some of his students. A member of the class of '6i, 
himself now a Theological Professor,* thus writes : 
" Dr. Atwater's exceptional success as a teacher, 
now seems to me to have been due very largely to 
two things : First, the force or weight of his per- 
sonal character which compelled both respectful be- 
havior and sustained attention from the class ; 
and second, a power of absolute clearness in state- 
ment and explication Besides these, his 

teaching was marked by a trait which I take 
to be a great merit, namely, that he threw himself 
most heartily into great subjects. The doctrines of 
immediate perception, of real as distinct from rela- 
tive knowledge, of causation, and in moral science 
of the absoluteness of the idea of right, and of the 
determination of the will, were among the subjects 
upon which in our class he placed the greatest em- 



* Prof. John De Witt, D.D., Lane Seminary. 



70 

phasis. I recall also with what interest and ability 
he urged upon us the value and fruitfulness of for- 
mal Logic and Metaphysics in a Lecture, in which 
he attacked Macaulay's opposite contention in his 
article on Bacon." Another,* whose sparkling let- 
ter I would gladly give entire if time permitted, 
speaks as follows : " His characteristics as a teacher 
were these : (i) Sympathy with the student. He 
respected the nature of the pupil. He made him 
feel that he was his friend. I may safely say he 
loved the boys, and consequently they loved him. 
They sought his advice ; they told him their troubles. 
(2) Simplicity in the presentation of truth. His 
mind was as clear as a bell, and his method was 
as clear as his mind. One could not help following 
him. He possessed in a remarkable degree the 
power of communicating to other minds that which 
lay in his own. (3) Suggestiveness. He gave the 
student credit for some brains. He created an ap- 
petite, but did not satiate it. He led the boys into 
the path, turned them in the right direction, then 
said. Now go on for yourselves. He removed the 
scales from their eyes and left them to do their own 
seeing. He understood the meaning of the word 
Educate, and therefore his aim in the class-room 
was not to fill our minds with his thoughts, but to 

* Rev. Thomas B. McLeod, Clinton Ave. Con. Church, Brook- 
lyn. 



71 



awaken thought and the power of thought in us ; 
not to impress his mind on us, but to draw out our 
own." Another,* says : " In all the branches which 
he taught he showed himself a master— always in- 
teresting, instructive, and especially clear. His cus- 
tom was to give us an analysis of the Lecture writ- 
ten out on the blackboard, and the value of his 
teaching largely lay in the perfect system to which 
he reduced everything, so that those who ran might 
read." A member of the class of '8 if has the fol- 
lowing: " In all his branches. Dr. Atwater's method 
of teaching was liberal and just. He had his own 
well-defined opinions, which he did not hesitate to 
affirm ; but to the student he always gave the largest 
Hberty. In the class-room, at least during more 
recent years, the exercises often took the form of 
free question and answer, in which the student 
was not the only one questioned, and the more 
formal recitation was now and then adjourned in 
favor of an orderly and earnest discussion. There 
was in Dr. Atwater no trace of the disposition to 
entrap a student. A recitation with him was not an 
opportunity to torture a youth into an exhibition of 
all he failed to know, but one to draw out the best 
in each man, and to bring out the underlying truths 
of the subject to the whole class." But these ut- 

* Prof. W. B. Scott. Princeton. f Mr. A. C. Armstrong. 



72 

terances must suffice ; the rather as they are only 
individual echoes of the great chorus of grateful 
appreciation that comes from all who were privi- 
leged to sit at Dr. Atwater's feet. 

In the government of the College his influence 
was as marked as it was in his own class-room. No 
member of the Faculty contributed more to the 
peace and good order of the Institution than did 
he, and that because he had the implicit confidence 
alike of the students and of his fellow-professors. 
He stood between the two, and interpreted the one 
to the other ; nay, such was the absolute fairness of 
his judgment, and the inherent kindliness of his heart, 
that every student who had so far forgotten himself 
as to make himself liable to punishment, w^ent to 
him for counsel, and never went in vain. As one 
has said, " Those who went frankly to him in 
trouble always spoke of his unfaltering kindness and 
sympathy. The sin was there, and he would not 
tolerate nor palliate that ; but the wrong-doer, unless 
hopelessly depraved, was not an object of condem- 
nation so much as of pity and aid. He was not 
forgetful of a young man's heart and ways ; and he 
could see in a young man's thoughts all the strength 
and truth in them, although he was incapable of 
appreciating the peculiar principles of undergradu- 
ate ethics."* A touching illustration of the truth 

* A. C. Armstrong, class of '8i. 



73 

of these statements came incidentally to my knowl- 
edge, in connection with his funeral services. In 
the crowd that stood around his open grave, there 
was one who had come all the way from Chicago 
to show his affection for his beloved teacher. And 
well he might, for when the question had been be- 
fore the Faculty whether he should be expelled or 
not, Dr. Atwater had said : " It is true he deserves 
expulsion, but give the boy another chance, and 
perhaps this may prove the turning point in his 
career," and the intercession had prevailed, and he 
had taken the admonition to heart, so that he was 
there with tears in his eyes, feeling that he owed all 
he was to his venerable instructor. Thus for con- 
siderably more than a quarter of a century he labored 
at this centre of education, sending his influence 
not only through this land, but over the world in 
blessing, and growing in all the elements of power 
ever unto the last ; nay, it might even be said, that 
he was then most lovable of all, and that like the 
sun he seemed "largest at his setting." 

Of his long last illness there is little to be said. It 
was one of alternations ; sometimes giving promise of 
recovery,and sometimes giving presage of dissolution; 
but through it all, he was the same quiet, cheerful, 
undemonstrative, humble, unselfish, always-consider- 
ate-for-others Christian that he had been through 
life. One characteristic circumstance, illustrating 



74 

the ruling bent of his mind, may be given. In Oc- 
tober, when he was first prostrated with pneumonia, 
he would lie at times as if asleep. After his partial 
convalescence, he said to the members of his family, 
that when they had doubtless considered him to be 
sleeping, he was in reality thinking with unusual 
energy ; that his mind seemed stimulated to extra- 
ordinary acuteness on very profound subjects, reach- 
ing with great rapidity conclusions which in health 
would have been arrived at only after much longer 
thought. He added that he should like to get well 
enough to put some of those thoughts on paper. 
But he never recovered so far as to do that. The 
fact is striking, not only as showing the leanings of 
his own nature, but also as throwing at least a little 
light on the dark mystery that enshrouds the border- 
land. At length, however, the darkness deepened ; 
or let me rather say, the new day dawned — and on 
the morning of the 17th February, 1883, his spirit 
passed into the presence of his God. Then a few 
days after, ''devout men carried him to his burial, 
and made great lamentation over him." 

In seeking to estimate Dr. Atwater's character 
and abilities, we are struck at once with his great 
versatility. He was not so much a man peculiarly 
gifted in any one particular, as fully developed and 
well rounded in a great many. His articles ranged 
over theological, philosophical, ecclesiastical, and 



75 

sociological subjects, some of them dealing with 
topics so abstruse as " the power of contrary choice," 
and others with matters so practical as " the venti- 
lation of churches," and in all he was at home, — 
though if I may speak from my own judgment 
merely, he was specially eminent in the department 
of Political Economy, and treated questions relating 
to currency and commerce, money and labor, with 
the hand of a master. As a student he was almost 
equally great in classics, philosophy, and mathemat- 
ics, and this early balance was maintained through 
life. His imagination was receptive rather than 
creative ; and the same was true of his humor. He 
did not often make mirth, but those who heard his 
laugh when he was thoroughly amused would not 
soon forget its heartiness. 

His industry was simply marvellous. It seems 
to me, that for years he did the work of two or three 
ordinary men ; and yet he was never in a hurry. 
He did everything with deliberation, and, I may 
add, he seemed to do everything with ease. He never 
appeared to be making an effort. Always he gave 
you the impression that there was in him still an 
immense reserve of force, and that, if he chose, he 
could bring much greater strength into play. He had 
great practical wisdom and executive ability, and 
could manage men and arrange details with admi- 
rable skill. On boards and committees, at Faculty 



76 

meetings, and in ecclesiastical councils, he was al- 
ways a host in himself, and very often, like " the 
willing horse," he got the burden to carry. He was 
pre-eminently judicial. Mark I said judicial, not 
judicious. Your mere judicious man will set him- 
self to dodge difficulties, but the judicial to solve 
them. What Dr. Atwater sought was not so much 
to avoid trouble and annoyance, as to get at that 
which was right ; and his calm, deliberate way of 
looking at things, enabled him to go all round a 
case, and reach its true decision. Had he given 
himself to the profession of the law, he would have 
become the most eminent of judges — because his in- 
herent love of righteousness, and his admirable com- 
mon-sense would have brushed away all sophistry 
and brought the truth to light. 

But more magnetic than all hismental qualities was 
his tender-heartedness. It was a true instinct that im- 
pelled the boys to go to him when they were in per- 
plexity, for when they took hold of his heart, they took 
hold of his strength, and, provided they dealt frankly 
and truthfully with him, they were sure of his help. 
Then pervading all his other excellences and giving 
its own tincture to them all, was his simple and sin- 
cere piety. He was a genuine Christian, and his 
Christianity was coextensive with his life. It lay over 
it like the atmosphere ; it illumined it like a sun ; 
and like these two in the natural world, it brought 



77 

out in It all the fulness of fragrance, foliage, flower, 
and fruit, by which it was enriched. William Arnot 
said of his friend, James Hamilton, that he would 
be disposed to arrange his preaching, his books, and 
his life in the relations of good, better, and best. 
Were I to speak similarly of Dr. Atwater as an au- 
thor, as a professor, and as a man, it would be in 
the same order of comparison. As an author he 
was good, as a professor he was better, but as a man 
he was best of all. It was a happy determination 
of the members of the class of '83 to endow a prize 
that shall perpetuate his name ; but it will be a 
worthier tribute to his excellence, if they, and all 
who have enjoyed his instructions, will set them- 
selves to carry out the principles which he enforced 
upon them, and to reproduce that full-orbed Chris- 
tian manhood which he so nobly exemplified. 



y 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




